In Hobsons Choice Essay Example

In Hobsons Choice Paper Maggie: I am. Willie however has other ideas. He does not want to marry Maggie; he disagrees with her and thinks that they would not be happy, as he does not love her. He tells her that she is a shapely body and a brilliant sales clerk but as a couple, they would not get far in life without love. Maggie is very strong willed about her idea and no matter what excuse Willie comes up with; Maggie is set on marrying him and leaving her fathers shop. Willie tells Maggie that he is tokened to a girl called Ada Figgins, a helpless girl with whose mother he lodges. Willie is a caring man who is willing to protect Ada, a woman with whom he will have no real future other than what he does now. Maggie however is determined to marry Willie so that he can do well in life. When Maggie finds out that Willie is set to marry Ada Figgins, who is due to arrive at the shop soon with Willies dinner, Maggie is determined to talk to her when she arrives and persuade her or force her not to marry Willie. Willie feels he should protect Ada and he would rather be with her than Maggie. Maggie is ambitious but Willie does not think of himself in that way. We will write a custom essay sample on In Hobsons Choice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on In Hobsons Choice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on In Hobsons Choice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ada arrives at the shop and Maggie immediately confronts her. Maggie: I want a word with you. Youre treading on my foot, young woman. Ada: Me, Miss Hobson? (She looks stupidly at Maggies feet) Maggie realises that Ada Figgins is a poor-spirited and meek woman and Maggie takes full advantage of this. She stands over her and demands to know what is happening between Willie and her. Ada is not very intelligent and she does not realise what Maggie is trying to make clear. Willie tries to intervene on one occasion; to tell Ada that he is against Maggies idea, but is immediately shot down by Maggie. Willie: Ada, she- Maggie: You hold you hush. This is for me and her to settle Willie is trying to speak to Ada to explain that he is not to blame in any way for what Maggie is proposing. Maggie has full control over who speaks, what is said in the discussion, and as she disallows Willie to speak, and Willie obeys her. Afterwards Willie only speaks when he is spoken to and throughout the discussion Maggie is in control of who speaks and what is said. Willie tries to tell Ada that he is against Maggies idea. Willie is stopped speaking by Maggie and when Ada continues to argue, Maggie ends the discussion by asking her what idea she has of Willies future. Ada chooses to let Willie make up his own judgement to which Maggie tells Willie he is to wed her and not Ada. Willie expects Ada to stop this happening, asking her to fight for him. Ada can only weakly complain, while Maggie continues to ignore all other opinions. Willie is again avoiding an argument, asking Ada to stop Maggie, although the audience can clearly see that both Ada and Willie feel threatened by Maggies assertiveness and stubborn attitude. Ada: (weakly) Its daylight robbery. Willie: Arent you going to put up a better fight for me than that, Ada? Youre fair giving me to her. Maggie: Will Mossop, you take orders from me in this shop. Ive told you, youll wed me. Both Ada and Willie dare not argue with Maggie. Maggie knows that Willie does not want to marry her and the way that Maggie forces him into marrying her, lets the audience see that Willie is not a strong willed man, he is submissive towards Maggie and expects Ada to argue on his behalf. When Maggie informs her father of her marriage decision and Hobson is furious. Maggie demands that she is paid a wage and that Willie is employed at the same wage. Maggie and Willie want to be treated as if they are no relation to Hobson, just employees. Maggie: Ill work eight hours a day in future and you will pay me fifteen shillings by the week. if Willie goes, I go Im a value to you, and sos my man Maggie wants to be employed by Hobson so she is no longer employing Willie. It makes them equal as a couple and neither will be superior or inferior as far as class is concerned. Her cheek to him angers Hobson and he calls for Willie to come up from the cellar, unbuckling his belt. Willie comes up out of the trap as Hobson conceals the strap whilst he talks to Willie. Hobson claims that he must beat the love out of Willies body, and Willie tries to explain that the love cannot be beaten out of his body, as there is none there. Hobson promises Willie that he will beat him upon entering work every morning until he does not love Maggie. The audience sees Willie answering Hobson honestly and with respect until Hobson strikes Willie. Here we see a dramatic change as Willies temper flares. Willie: Im none wanting thy Maggie but if you touch me with that belt Ill take her quick, aye and stick to her like glue. Hobson: Theres nobbut one answer to that kind of talk (He strikes with belt) Willie: And Ive nobbut one answer back. Maggie Ive none kissed you yet but, by gum, Ill kiss you now and if Mr Hobson raises up that strap again Ill do more. Ill walk straight out of shop with thee Here we see a dramatic change in Willies character. He is standing up to Hobson and not waiting for Maggie to tell him what to do. Even though Hobson attacks him verbally and physically, Willie does not lose his nerve. Hobsons anger and threats fuel Willies courage. Brighouse has shown that Willie has already begun to change with the support of Maggie. With Maggie backing him, he feels more courageous and he stands up for himself instead of letting Hobson be the master. Act Two Maggie returns to Hobsons in Chapel Street to visit her sisters, Vickey and Alice, and arrange for her own wedding day. Maggie plans to help her sisters also get married and Vickey comments on how Maggie has made it more difficult for herself and Alice to find a suitable husband. Vickey: You havent made it any easier for you, you know. Willie: It wasnt my fault, Miss Vickey, really it wasnt. Maggie: You call her Vickey, Will. Vickey protests to Willie being authorized to call her by her Christian name, and Maggie tries to point out to her that although Willie was once a boot hand employed by Hobson, he is now his own master with his own business and Vickey should accept him as one of the family. Brighouse brings up this point to show that marrying Maggie has changed him because of her influence onto him and also because he is now part of a family, and he is beginning to be accepted in this family. From the last time the audience saw him in the boot shop, Willie has changed from a shy, rabbit around Maggie and her sisters, to someone who is beginning to talk to Hobsons daughters easily. Although he still obeys Maggie, he has begun to speak at times other than when he is requested to speak. Willie does not think it right to call Maggies sister Vickey and not Miss Vickey and he tells Maggie to leave it when she tells Vickey that Willie is theoretically higher in society than both Vickey and Alice. Willie modesty denies the fact and tells Maggies sisters that he may have his name written in the windows but he does not know about being his own master. Willie is a modest and considerate man. Maggies words to her sisters could have been taken, as cutting remarks and Willie is trying not to upset Vickey and Alice by making them feel inferior to a man who was once their inferior. Maggie proudly presents Willies business card, and reads it out to her sisters. She then tells her sisters in a commanding way to kiss Willie, beginning with Vickey who takes a bit of convincing. Maggie: Thats his business card: William Mossop, Practical Boot and Shoe Maker, 39a Oldfield Road, Salford Ill do more than let you call him in his name. You can both of you kiss him for your brother-in-law to be. Willie: Nay, Maggie, Im no great hand at kissing. Maggie: Im waiting, Vickey. Willie: I dont see that you ought to drive her to it Maggie. Brighouse has written the play with Maggie showing her sisters the card, mainly to let the audience see how proud she is of the new business beginning to take shape. Maggie is probably proud because she has done all the work to set the business up. She will have scheduled to have the business cards made and she arranged the loan from Mrs Hepworth. At the first idea of kissing Alice and Vickey Willie is not too keen. He makes an excuse by saying that cannot kiss very well, and Maggie dryly agrees with him. Although Willie is beginning to change, he still obeys Maggie, and as Vickey stated, Maggie always gets her way when she tells someone to do something. Maggie is a very strong person and some of this strength is beginning to wear off onto Willie, his confidence is growing and his personality is starting to become apparent, but Maggie still has the power to control his actions. Willie weakly protests, as he did when Maggie proposed, in a pleading way, as if hoping Maggie will just tire of the idea. He does not try to stop anything happening himself or physically, he attempts change Maggies opinion on her idea to stop things. Although Maggies sisters do not want to kiss Willie and Willie is just as unconcerned, they kiss him and Maggie is satisfied. After the girls kiss Willie his opinion changes from earlier and he enjoys be kissed by the two girls. Vickey kisses Will, who finds he rather likes it Willie: Theres more in kissing nice young women than I thought. Brighouse has made Willie a very innocent character, which may imply that, although he said he was in love with Ada, and she with him, may not have had a physical relationship with her or anyone else, as he is new to kissing. He was nervous before but after kissing both, he realises that he likes it. Brighouse could have written this as a hidden meaning to describe how when Willie follows Maggies advice he is introduced to new and better things. Maggie is showing him what the world outside of the boot shop is like and trying to introduce him to middle class. Maggie comes to the boot shop to pick up some old furniture, which is broken slightly, from the attic, so that Willie can repair it and they can use it in the house. Willie is about to be married and has had time to get accustomed to the idea, but is still respectful and shy towards Maggie. Maggie: Get upstairs, Will. I told you what to bring. Alice: Wait a bit. Maggie: Go on. Willie goes into the house Maggie: Put the chairs on the hand-cart, Will. Willie goes out to street. Maggie speaks to Willie in a calm yet commanding tone, she does not ask him to do things, and she tells him to get on with it but without raising her voice. Alice tells Willie to wait a while, but it is Maggies order that he obeys. Willie respects Maggie and will do anything for her without an argument. Maggie is in control of the situation at all times. Brighouse has left some of Willies stark characteristics that would be expected by the audience to remain, for example, the way he obeys Maggie, the way he used to when she employed him. Although he is about to become her husband, he is so accustomed to being told what to do by Maggie that he still acts as though she is the employer and he the worker. Willie and Maggie discuss their wedding before they leave for the church and Willie becomes determined that he is ready for this marriage. His newfound self-determination shows through and he speaks confidently to Maggie. Willie: its taking summat on to go to church with a wench, and the lord knows what. Maggie: parson going to ask you will you have me and youll either answer truthfully or not at all Willie: Ill tell him yes. Yes, Maggie. Im resigned. Youre growing on me lass. Ill toe the line with you Willie is now sure of himself that he is ready for this wedding and he has made up his mind that he wants to marry Maggie, the answer he gives the parson will be the truth. He has realised that Maggie has already changed his life for the better and he knows that she was correct in thinking that they would make a successful partnership in marriage and business. Brighouse has chosen to have Maggie give Willie an escape route by saying that if he was not sure he did not have to go through with it, this shows that Willie has changed enough to make up his own mind without Maggie telling him what to do. Act Three After the wedding ceremony, Willie stands to make a speech, thanking his guests for attending the wedding. The stage direction tells the audience that he rises, nervously, and rushes his little speech like a child who has learnt a lesson. Willie is confident enough to speak in front of others but his rushing of words shows the audience he is still feeling nervous. Willie: Its a very great pleasure to us to see you here tonight. Its an honour you do us, and I assure you, speaking for my- my wife, as well as for myself, that the the- Maggie: (in an undertone) Generous. Willie: Oh, aye. Thats it. That the generous warmth of the sentiments so cordially expressed by Mr Beenstock and so enthusiastically seconded by no, Ive gotton that wrong road round Willies speech is spoken rushed and prepared, as if he has been taught and rehearsed it to memorise it for this occasion. A child would memorise a role in a play and speak it as though it was being read from a piece of paper in a similar way to Willie, and in reality Willies education makes him like a child. He has not been through school, just life and so being educated in English and so on now is as it is for a child, a completely new experience. When Willie was complimented on his speech, Maggie admits that she has been teaching him, she also tells of the hopes she has of him for the future, and in twenty years time she remarks that Willie will be thought of more than Mr Prosser and Beenstock at the bank. This lets the audience know that Willie has a future and with Maggies help, it is going to be a rich and prosperous future. Although Maggie and Willie are now officially married, the roles and attitudes to one another have not changed. As Maggie prepares to leave she tells Willie that she will need the table on her return and so he better get on with clearing away the used cutlery and crockery and do the washing up. Willie does what Maggie asks; so far, he has listened to Maggies ideas, carried them out and seen his life improve. Willie is not an intelligent man and so Brighouse may have wanted to show the audience that Willies character has not changed, he still carries out Maggies orders but now for different reasons. Before Maggie employed him and so he was paid to do what she said, but now he may have realised that if he does what she suggests or tells him to do, his life changes for the better. When Hobson arrives, Maggie makes a point of asking Willie if he can come in to show Hobson Willies authority. Maggie: Will, its my father. Is he to come in? Willie: (loudly an boldly) Aye, let him come. Maggie is making a huge show of asking Willie permission, and Willie plays along, soundly masterly to show Hobson how he has changed. Had it been any other visitor, Maggie would have invited them in herself without asking Willies consent but as it is her father, she makes sure Hobson knows that Willie is the master of the house and he has changed from being a boot hand to a boot maker with his own firm. Hobson begins to tell Maggie of the trouble of trespassing he is in, something that Maggie already knows about, and something that is also a part in her plan. As soon as he mentions that he is in trouble however, Maggie stands up and walks from the room telling Hobson that she is only in the way. Hobson does not understand, he tells Maggie that he came to speak to her and after some convincing, which would have been unneeded had Maggie not wanted to prove her point to her father, that Willie was a changed and capable man. However, Maggie agrees to sit at the table with Hobson and Willie and, luckily for Willie, help him with his problem. Maggie strengthens Hobsons relationship with Willie and this makes Willie feel uncomfortable and strange. Willie: Sit down Mr Hobson Maggie: You call him father now. Willie: (astonished) Do I? Willie is shocked that he can call Hobson father after years of being employed and paid to call him sir. After hearing Hobsons problem, Willie begins to speak freely about the publicity Hobson will gain when the court case comes near, and his remarks are said with no malicious intent just simplicity. Other peoples troubles is mostly what folks read the paper for, and I reckon its twice the pleasure to them when its trouble of a man they know themselves. (He is perfectly simple and has no malicious intention. ) Brighouse has changed Willies attitude towards Hobson now. Willie used to be very respectful, shy and quiet when speaking to Hobson but now he speaks his mind even though it may not be the correct thing to say at the time. Willie is much more out-going and confident around Hobson when Maggie is there and he tries to help as much as he can, although all he can think of to say to Hobson is no comfort. From the stage directions, we can clearly see who is actually in charge of the household, and who is being made to appear in control. Willie sits right of table. Maggie stands at the head of the table. Hobson sits on sofa. From this stage direction, we can be given the impression that it is, in fact, Maggie in control of the household. It is custom for the head of the house to be seated or positioned at the head of the table, with guests and other along the sides. To an audience this little detail would show that Maggie is the dominant one in the household, Willie comes next in the ranking with Hobson most submissive seated away from the table. When Hobsons patience begins to wear thin with Willie, Willies reaction does not go in the same way. He keeps his temper perfectly calm and reasons with Hobson, explaining his statements. Im not much good at talking, and I always seem to say the wrong things when I do talk. Im sorry if my well-meant words dont suit your taste Willie does not become annoyed when Hobsons becomes angered; he apologises but also defends himself from Hobsons verbal attacks. He tells Hobson that he did not mean any harm by these comments, he was simply speaking his thoughts without realising they could offend anyone. His self-confidence shows through again, more so than the last argument he had with Hobson, as he does not leave to escape any more conflict. He stands his ground without using violence. After all the guests have left Maggie and Willie alone Maggie again reassures Willie that he will be better thought of than either of his new brothers-in-law and then she tells him to bring his slate from the bedroom so she can set him a sentence to copy, thus improving his writing ability gradually. Maggie sets the work and comments on the progress he is making. She tells him to take off his coat to stop it spoiling and asks to see the work he did the night before just as a teacher would set work and then mark it when completed. After setting him a sentence to copy, Maggie makes her way to her bedroom, telling Willie to finish his writing before he comes to bed. Willie finishes his writing and nervous about going into the bedroom he gets undressed and then prepares to sleep on the sofa as he feels he cannot enter the bedroom. He is confused and nervous, and he tosses and turns as he tries to fall into a sleep. Maggie comes back on stage from the bedroom dressed in a nightgown to get Willie into the bedroom. She comes to Will, shines the light on him, takes him by the ear, and returns with him to the bedroom Willie only really does as he is asked, and only if it is Maggie who asks him. He does not really make his own decisions; he relies on Maggie to do the deciding for him. His character is a lot more confident and outgoing from the Willie at the beginning of the play, although inside he is still shy and unsure, and of course obedient to Maggie. Act Four A year later, the scene opens at Hobsons living room at the back of the shop. It is early in the morning and Hobson has called the doctor to visit, as he is unwell. His excessive drinking has led to him becoming so ill, he will have to rely on one of his daughters moving back into the boot shop to care for him. Maggie arrives first and explains that she will have to ask Willies opinion and do as he commands her. Alice refuses to move back, telling her audience that she is too used to a grander life. Vickey arrives lastly and when she hears that she may be chosen to move back she whispers to Maggie, and the audience later finds out that Vickey was explaining that she is pregnant and so cannot be expected to leave her husband. Alice and Vickey scorn Maggie for her excuse, as they say that Maggie will do as she pleases and Willie could not stop her. Maggie informs them that Willie has changed a great deal since their last meeting him. This allows the audience to realise that within the year that has passed Willie has changed in the charming man that was hard to see underneath the lack of intelligence at the beginning of the play.

Excessive Use of Common Printer Essays

Excessive Use of Common Printer Essays Excessive Use of Common Printer Essay Excessive Use of Common Printer Essay Last week, the Supply Manager reported a sudden increase in the utilization of office paper and ink of the common printer. However, based on the central data, work loads have not increased so surprisingly the upsurge in the use of the common printer is not work-related. Many non-work-related printed documents were recovered from the printer area. More so, there were a lot of papers wasted and scattered all over the mentioned area. In addition, the frequency of refilling the ink cartridge have also doubled. These are the main concerns that are needed to be addressed to conserve and maximize office supplies.Causes of Excessive Use of Common PrinterBased on the investigation conducted, the following were deemed the causes of excessive use of common printer:l   Most of the employees have used the printer to print personal files.l   Many of the file printed have large dark fonts and colored graphics.l   Since printing is a free service, many employees take advantage of this feature by printing in bulk to save money on their part.Effects of Excessive Use of Common PrinterBecause of the misuse of the common printer, the following are the consequences:l   Wastage of office paper.l   Rapid decrease of ink levels of printer cartridges.l   Frequent occurrence of paper jam and printer jam due to the bulk of printer jobs that can interfere in the work flow in the workplace.l   Additional cost for the budget of supplies.l   Cluttered printer area that negatively affects the ergonomics of the workplace.Recommendations to Stop the Excessive Use of Common PrinterThe following are suggested to lessen and even eliminate the excessive use of common printer:l   Print only materials needed for work.l   Printing of personal files should be banned.l   When printing, make sure that the a paper should be maximized. The length, font size and quality of printing should always be taken in consideration when printing to prevent the excessive use of paper.l   Scrap pa pers should be recycled.l   There should be a central monitoring station that will regulate the printing in the whole office to prevent abuse.

Consumer Protection- Discussion post 5 Assignment

Consumer Protection- Discussion post 5 - Assignment Example On the other hand, a mortgage has two parties, which include the borrower and the lender. In an instance where the borrower is unable to pay, in mortgage the foreclosure and sale of the property have to use the judicial process (Vobeckà ¡, Kosteleckà ½, & Lux, 2014). The lender files the lawsuit. In a deed of trust, however, in case the borrower fails to pay, the home can be auctioned. This method does not use the courts, and the trustee is the one who auctions the home (Super, 2013). The deed of trust is more efficient and faster since it does not involve a judicial process. Different states have different laws on deeds of trust, and thus one may need to review such rules before deciding on which to use. Epstein, R. A. (2014). Public accommodations under the civil rights act of 1964: why freedom of association counts as a human right. Stanford Law Review, 66(6), 1241-1291. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1548675357?accountid=45049 Vobeckà ¡, J., Kosteleckà ½, T., & Lux, M. (2014). Rental housing for young households in the Czech Republic: Perceptions, priorities and possible solutions*. Sociologicky Casopis, 50(3), 365-390. Retrieved from

The European Banking Union Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The European Banking Union Project - Term Paper Example On one hand it allowed these bubbles to grow dangerously while on the other hand it was extremely cautious in its quantitative easing policy (The European Central Bank: The Main Cause of the Debt Crisis). The European Union Banking Project: The Proposal The European Union leaders have come forward to propose a remedy for the current financial crisis. The European Council of 28th and 29th June, 2012 has agreed to deepen the economic and monetary integration. The leaders have discussed a  report titled 'Towards a Genuine Economic and Monetary Union', prepared by the President of the European Council in close collaboration with the President of the European Commission, the Chair of the Euro group and the President of the European Central Bank. The Commission has proposed to design a single banking supervision mechanism in the Euro area. In 2008 when the financial crisis spread to Europe, there were 27 different banking regulatory systems based on the separate national rules. The propo sal is not aimed at changing the rule making for the single market (with its ‘four freedoms’ namely, freedom of movement of goods, services, and the factors of production i.e. labour and capital) existing amongst the 27 countries, but the way in which the banks in the Euro area would be supervised. Although coordination pre-existed by way of the framing of the monetary policies for all these banks by the ECB, it was rather informal and was not sufficient to face the financial sector crisis of this nature. A full-fledged banking union has become necessary that would lead to pooled monetary responsibilities and better financial integration (Towards a Banking... This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the pros and cons of the creation of European Banking Union, as a form of central supervisory system. It is argued in the paper that benefits of forming such an union outweight its limitations. During the period of 2000 to 2007 there was a significant global rise in savings which was available for investment in the EU. It created an easy credit facility as well as helped the formation of a powerful real-estate bubble. When these bubbles burst, the property price fell hugely while the liabilities owed to global investors remained at their full price. The high-risk lending and borrowing practices had started taking its toll. The European Council in June, 2012 has agreed to deepen the economic and monetary integration. The leaders have discussed a report titled 'Towards a Genuine Economic and Monetary Union, prepared by the President of the European Council in close collaboration with the President of the European Commission, the Chair of the Euro group and the President of the European Central Bank. The Commission has proposed to design a single banking supervision mechanism in the Euro area. In response to the proposal of establishing a banking union, several countries have showed their concern or fear. Such a method of unifying the monetary responsibilities of all the banks in the European Union is going to have a far-reaching effect on the growth of the economies. Germany, for example, is not willing to cede control of its entire banking sector.

Micro economics project about 4 articles (critical analysis) Essay

Micro economics project about 4 articles (critical analysis) - Essay Example These days, however, we’re facing another formidable foe. It’s called real estate. Investors (young and old) have a significant portion of their net worth invested in their homes, and we’re seeing more of them consider adding an income property to their portfolio. I wanted to see what we’re up against, so I put residential real estate through my usual research process. Just as I do with stocks and bonds, I looked at houses and condos from the perspective of economic fundamentals, valuation and market sentiment. Starting with the economics, it would appear the supply side of the equation looks manageable (except maybe condos in Toronto). Housing starts have exceeded household formation for a decade, but the inventory of unsold homes is not excessive. The demand side, however, is less encouraging. What drives real estate over the long term is income growth (i.e. jobs). As Canada becomes less competitive in the global markets and our governments stop prescribing stimulus, employment trends arent too exciting. In the meantime, our home ownership rate has gone from 62 per cent 15 years ago to 70 per cent today, slightly above the level attained in the U.S. in 2006. Still on the demand side, the demographic charts show the segment of the population that’s the strongest net buyer of houses (those aged 25 to 34) is about to start declining, while the pool of potential sellers (over 65) is continuing to increase. The situation is the opposite to what prevailed in the 70’s and 80’s when the early boomers had a huge wave of buyers following behind them. While supply and demand factors are important, what’s really driving real estate these days is financing. Sellers can charge fancy prices when buyers are plugging 2 to 3 per cent into their mortgage calculators. But here too, the trends are worrisome. Rates have little room to drop (despite Bank of Montreal’s efforts) and consumer debt levels are now equivalent to the U.S. at its

Comparison of Aldi and Lidl

Comparison of Aldi and Lidl ABSTRACT The price war among supermarkets does really benefit the customers in recession time. But the major discount supermarkets like Aldi and Lidl cannot get the all grip on the retail markets as they had it at early stage. They are not able to maintain the position in the market as cheapest retailers because of tough competition from rivals. This project hopes to discuss some of the trends among major supermarkets like Tesco, Asda Sainsburys in pricing to compete with discount retailers such as Lidl and Aldi. It also focus on the strategies made by the mainstream supermarket chains to overcome the recession effects. Topic In the current economy, will the retail discounters loose out? A case study of Aldi and Lidl. Aim and Objectives Aims-Identify the Strength, weakness, opportunity and Threat of Aldi and Lidl to sustain as discount retailers in the current retail market. Objectives: Find out why people shop at Lidl and Aldi? Their perceptions of the brands, how often they come? How much they spend? To ascertain why Lidl and Aldi customer loyalty has diminished since the competitors changed the strategies. To evaluate the effectiveness of Lidl and Aldis recent repositioning strategies on their brand image Review of Literature: Scientific and technological revolution have shaped an effective and innovative business order .Since the source of information and information procedures have become rapid and convenient ,the business atmosphere has turn out to be more chaoetic.Consumers are showing their buying capacity with an expectation of high quality for reasonable price. As there are liberal policies, new products and services are launching every day in to the market. Information technology plays a crucial role in the business world with up dated information and rapid way of communication 1. Customer Behavior Customers are offered tremendous bundle of choices. Some people restricts their choices, becoming relationship oriented with some organization (Sheth and Parvatiyar, 1995) and have the potential to become long life customers. Customers life cycles are becoming increasingly transitory due to the severe impact of competitors action on existing relationships (Reinartz and Kumar, 2000). Consumer behaviour in retail sector is characterized by impulse purchasing and fickle customers (Newman and Patel, 2004).. This may do to the fact that customers do not experience any switching costs when changing their supplier (Reinartz and Kumar, 2000). Others exhibit switching behaviour in their shopping (Peterson, 1995) and split their purchases among several Table.1: Attributes of store image Most Frequently Cited Attribute Other Attributes 1. Merchandise: * Selection * Quality * Price * Styling 2. Service 3. Clientele 4. Physical facilities 5. Convenience 6. Promotion 7. Store atmosphere 8. Institutional 9. Post-Transaction 2. Brand: When a brand is communicated through advertising, packaging and merchandising, it aims to create confidence and minimise the purchasing risk to the consumer (Palmer, 1996). Such attributes, it is held, are particularly important when buying fashion products (de Chernatony and McDonald, 1992; Doyle, 1991). In brief, brand values provide a promise of sameness and predictability (Keller, 2003). Branding came to be understood as providing a unique mixture of benefits that satisfy rational needs, but also emotional ones, by facilitating and simplifying the consumers choice process through behavioural shortcuts, habit and perception. Successful brand is defined as a name, symbol, design or some combination of these, which identifies the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"product of a particular organisation as having a sustainable differential advantage (Schmitt, 1999). 3. Positioning To understand positioning from a customer perspective, it is important to explain what is positioning in marketing literature. Although the craft of positioning is a defining function of modern branding, the idea of positioning dates back to Classical Greece, with Platos assertion that memories evoke related memories, thus colouring interpretation (Warren, 1916). In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the British empiricists elaborated the Aristotelian notion that ideas are stored in memory by association, developing the three à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Laws of Associationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ; similarity, contrast and contiguity. Discussion 1. Recession affecting the retailers. Here we will discuss about the recession and its affect on retail markets. As we know that we are running in the bad economic condition. So it gives us unemployment, lack of money, poverty, people go behind the cheap product..etc. in these situation we call it for recession. Recession participate everywhere around the world. In these situations people are scaring to spend their money in to business or market. 2. Current retail UK Market. In the current economic conditions the retail markets are trying to grab their customers giving different offers and products. Using cheap price and quality products are the priority for all retailers to the customers and it is the key factor to increase the business and survive the recession. Neil Saunders, the consulting director at Verdict, said: (telegraph nov 2009) We are now entering the most challenging period many retailers will have ever faced: the UK retail market is both mature and intensively competitive and that, combined with a slowdown in growth, means everyone will need to work much harder just to stand still. Andy bond Asda CEO (the marketing blog aug 2009) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“We be able to already see how changing attitudes are affecting customers shopping habits, Consumers are not prepared to pay a premium when they cannot taste the difference. The era of conspicuous consumption is besides.Saving money by cutting out waste of every part of kinds will be the priority. 3. Major discounters Aldi and Lidl The German chains Aldi and lidl are discount retailer and fight with the big four rivals called Tesco, Asda, sainsburey, and Morrisons. The two discounters have to do a lot of work while competing rivals. Aldi one of the retail company in UK and launched in 1990 and they have more than 300 stores across UK. the company called Aldi sell food, drinks, healthn and beauty product, sanitary items, baby product, and other cheap house hold items and wide variety of fruits and vegetables, including frozen food, fresh meats, fish, desserts, baked goods and alcohol, wines cheeseetc. the important thing that Aldi has concentrated products are own labelled or in other words own brand products and the other brand product or none Aldi products are limited. The store strong in cheapest products and it introduced from GERMANY. So the company typically use two similar brands for all category of the product. So this structure gives Aldi stores to be smaller than general supermarkets which cover the same range of products but with more variety. About the companys offer to the customer giving special offers per week, special buy deal offer a particular range of product like electronics and car accessorie s, cloths and house hold items, garden ,appliancesetc at bargain prices on Sundays and Thursdays (it might be for a week or available for limited products). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" Aldi is able to offer deeply discounted prices on around 1,300 popular food items (a typical grocery store has 30,000) due to its various cost-cutting strategies. These include buying cheap land on the outskirts of towns and cities, building cheap warehouses, employing few staff, keeping store furnishings to a bare minimum and carrying mostly private-label items, which are displayed on pallets rather than shelves. The firm takes a fixed amount of money for carrier bags. Lidl the rivals of Aldi and the major discount supermarket store chain in UK. the store more aware about their customer and so the firm provides 800 different products. As i above mentioned about Aldi , Lidl has wide variety of their own brand products and the companies priority for leading brand for each category. Food, fresh produce, frozen foods, Italian cuisines, wines, home appliances and garden products including tools and planets are available from Lidl. These are the products known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Specials and they offer to the customer low cost of frozen foods as well. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Low-cost operating methods, such as avoiding expensive advertising, high-rent locations and a diverse-range of goods, have enabled it to challenge and even overtake its number one rivals in some European markets such as Franceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Lidl can attract more customers in 2008 in the beginning of recession because most of the consumers especially middle class consumers started their shop ping at discount retailers like Aldi and Lidl. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“According to market research firm TNS, Lidl was the second most successful UK supermarket group over the busy Christmas period in 2008, with group sales far exceeding growth in the overall grocery sectorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . G Gavin (2008) describe à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“When we visited Lidl stores across Europe, we noticed that new, improved ranges are being introduced across fresh and chilled categories. Ranges are far more tailored to national and even regional markets than in the past. Organics, healthy eating and fairtrade ranges have also been incorporated into the mix. And this strategy, too, is very much determined on a country by country basis, in line with key prevailing consumer trends. Clearly many of these elements are not unique to Lidl among its discounting peer group, but the combination of these is leading to the development of an increasingly compelling proposition, with the branded presence in-store a key differentiator from its largest rival Aldià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Now come to the point that the big four super markets battling towards the discounters like Aldi and Lidl.TNS world panel realise that the Aldi and Lidl sales from May to July 8.3 percent, 6.8 percent. But in the case of the big retailers achieved second quarter Morrison 9.5 percentage, Asda 8.1 percentage, waitrose8.2 percentage respectively. Paul (2009), Aldis UK Managing Director, blames à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“some of the slowdown in growth on promotional activity from the brands, which has been à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“pretty effectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“. Aldi does not sell the traditional big brandsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The important things that the big four mainly concentrated in their sales called promotions, discount ranges, and advertising campaigns.etc. The Tescos promotion known as discounters, Asdas round pound, Sainsburys switch and save, Waitrose essential. Chris (2009) of TNS, said: The promotional activity the major multiples have put in place has stolen the wind out of the discounters sails . Waitroses Essentials range now accounts for 15 percent of the grocers salesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Now the current economic down turn the consumer always looking for the promotions and discount sales. So the major discounters will be loose their sales until they started promotional activity from the traditional brands. Research methodology 1. Research Approach To understand the different research approach is in business research. These approaches can be mainly categorized as positivist and critical interpretive, qualitative and quantitative. Positivist and critical interpretive research Positivist paradigm believes in the view that the world is external and objective to the researcher, which is identical to the belief used in natural sciences. Positivist researchers are independent of the research being conducted and focus on description, uncovering facts and explanation .Researchers, then by using models and theories that they have created explains the behaviour on the grounds of the facts and observations The other position, known to us as the critical interpretive paradigm believes in the view that the world is constructed socially and is subjective. They also believe that reality does not exist outside the perceptions of people. Critical researchers are seen as a vital part of the researching process. Critical researchers attempt to discover understandings and discovery of the broad interrelationship in the circumstances they are researching. Qualitative and quantitative research: In qualitative research words are the units of analysis. Qualitative research tends to be associated with description. The data needed for qualitative analysis has to be gathered from interviews and questionnaires. Methods like ethnography will be used for the process of qualitative analysis and ethnographic data storage software will be used to store information. There are many advantages of using such software which will help store the data safely, the data can be coded easily, and retrieval of data will be more reliable. Computerization removes barriers and scales to the scale and complexity of analysis. There are virtually no clerical limits to how much stuff you get now, and few to how complex it is. (Richards and Richards 1993:40) Quantitative research Quantitative research tends to be associated with numbers, as the unit of analysis and it tends to be associated with statistical data. Charts and graphs have to be constructed from the figures and information gathered from the questionnaires and researches. Word processing and spreadsheet packages can be used for this purpose. Information in the form of numbers will be gathered from Different HR Mangers by using different data collection tools like questionnaires, review of previous documents etc. and the data will be used to construct meaningful figures and charts using software. Research Strategies Survey- Since the case study is on the basis of customer behaviour with a clear aim on customers perception of a particular brand, certainly the importance is set on primary data. The secondary data backed the primary data using appropriate hypothetical framework. The primary data will be collected using pre-designed questionnaire. Twelve questions were involved in the close ended questionnaire form with shoppers demographic outlines. Brand and Store loyalty measurement can be done by enquiring Lidl Aldi shoppers to rate definite qualities on predefined scales. Uni-polar scales will be utilized (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980) starting from one all the way to five, places very low, low, average, high, and superb respectively. Former researchers, like James et a. (1976) have used the similar scaling methods while assessing attributes of a certain brand or store by implying how much a store is able to fulfil consumers expectation. In AldiLidl outlets in London where customers should be asked to rate the attributes with one hundred questionnaires.At least Eighty interviews will be carried out in London AldiLidl outlets. Since only AldiLidl shoppers participated, every questionnaire will be involved in the research. A detailed survey must be conducted. The data analysis could be created by using e SPSS12.O which is the data mining programme. Case study- This research is on the basis of case study since it discovers the individual behaviour of consumers in retail market.Research on the basis of case study is suitable since it covers the contextual situation and a broadly investigation other than a mere theoretical study.More over it is reliable as it provides multiple sources of information. In research, a familiar figure is used to study as it represents the whole concept with itself.Discount supermarket case studies are widely used in most of the UK institutes and research fields as it had a bright past with enormous brand loyalty by customers.,But now the scenario became different and it is facing more challenges to exist in the market. Explanatory study ÃÆ'ËÅ" On the basis of brand position and theory ÃÆ'ËÅ" Explaining fundamental connection of variables (correlation of style and shoppers customers visiting time) ÃÆ'ËÅ" Focusing circumstances for describing the connection among variables. Form of Presentation The dissertation will be presented in a written form supplemented with charts showing current and historical data Conclusion Aldi and Lidl the major discounters in UK, but the above mentioned information give us they are going to lose in current economic conditions. So the message give us the total picture about the current market, economic conditions, and the rivals in the current markets. References Geoffrey Moore, the business cycle research, Jon Gregory Taylor, investment timing and business cycle, john wiley sons publisher in 1997,p23 Gary marks john F. Maudlin, rocking wall street john wiley sons publisher in 2007, p92. Invstopedia forbes digital company(http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/recession.asp) India dialy news paper(2007) (http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/17492.asp) Bureau for Economic Research (BER) http://www.fastmoving.co.za/news-archive/retailer-news/retail-sector-faces-threat-of-recession http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/3368164/Tesco-most-likely-retailer-to-survive-recession.html Andy Bond CEO Asda http://www.themarketingblog.co.uk/e_article001292783.cfm Aldi http://www.supermarket.co.uk/aldi.html Lidl http://www.supermarket.co.uk/lidl.html Gavin Rothwell, senior business analyst, IGD, http://www.igd.com/index.asp?id=1fid=1sid=19tid=11cid=85 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/jul/24/aldi-lidl-sales-growth

What Would it Be Like To Be A Rain Drop :: Essays Papers

If I were a raindrop, I would feel happy, sad and confused. There are many reasons to these feelings.Imagine that it’s a rainy day today! Coming down from the clouds, people sitting at their window, watching the beauty of nature is what I see. Sounds like a great sight, huh?! Most people love the scenes the nature has created today, others don't. Let me share it with you! Let's start off with why I would be happy! There are countless reasons to be happy. One is because i give life to a tree, a flower, whatever. To me, that's beautiful. I mean, who wouldn't enjoy being the reason something amazing and extremely helpful in nature was created? Besides creating something, i also have the fact that i make some people feel good, though not always.Millions of falling water droplets make the air cool and environment calm. When we start to fall, slowly, everyone rushes to find safe place to save them. Women rush to the roof tops to take their clothes down, to save from getting wet. Small children get excited. You can easily see them jumping and trying to come out to take a feel of rain, to take a feel of me. To some people, we're a form of relaxation. They enjoy laying in their beds to listen to the sound of us on their roof. Others enjoy sitting by their windows, taking time to reminisce, back when they were younger or to think about a loved one. The old ponders the rain scene and remembers their childhood and young days, reminiscing when he'd jump in puddles and spin round and round like a record. Yet he never forgets to guard his grandchildren waiting to jump in rain. Still, you see the eagerness of children if they could have been permitted to take a bath. Therefore, he lets them and we fall down around them, knowing that in their eyes we glow and sparkle and make them feel different and better and filled up and clean. We have that type of magic that one dreams of gaining and having. Have you watched the scene on roads when it starts raining?...ha ha it's a funny scene isn't it? Some people try to escape by running, some try to take shelter under other’s home. Some take bags or books or even magazines to put on their heads, just to try and escape me, a simple

Reflective Journal Essay

The fighting spirit. What a catchy name for a title of an article that touched my heart deeply and had stirred emotions of mine. I have known this humble gentleman since the day I stepped my foot on Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Shah Alam. We were introduced to this awe-inspiring person named Prof Datuk Seri Dr Sahol Hamid Abu Bakar during our orientation week. I have grown my fondness towards this man on the exact moment he started to give speech upon hundreds of fresh newbies in our great hall, Dewan Seri Budiman. But I never thought in my slightest mind on how his previous life story would give me this impact. One would never know, behind those smiles he put on his face, there were hardships, long ago before he made it to be a successful, acknowledged person now. I can finally understand what life is. God put us in a difficult situation just to make us stronger and to teach us how to cope with troubles when there are obstacles come between in the middle of journey. I really look up on Datuk Sahol Hamid as he was very determined to achieve his dream. How he keeps the humbleness in his daily routines although he is now an engineer in profession, really made me realize that I have to keep in my mind, I should never forget where I came from if one day, God’s willing; I managed to grab my dream in the future. Just like Datok Sahol himself, he always reminds the UiTMs’ students to never forget our duty to Allah S.W.T in spite of the busy and hectic schedule of a student. Above all, I must thank my parents for bringing me up to who I am today. For being patient with my attitudes all these while as I consider myself was not very matured during those days. After all, God’s plan is like a movie, all the good and bad things are arranged together for the good ending.

Examiner Tips for Igcse Biology 0610

EXAMINER TIPS for IGCSE Biology 0610 How to use these tips These tips are based on some common mistakes made by students. They are collected under various subheadings to help you when you prepare for your examinations. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Make sure you read all the general tips. These can be important in any of the papers you do. Make sure you know which examination papers you are taking before you look at the tips for the different papers All of you will take paper 1, which is all multiple choice questions. You may be taking paper 2, which is Foundation OR you may be taking paper 3, which is Extended.You may be taking paper 5, which is a practical examination in a laboratory OR you may be taking paper 6 which is a written paper about practical work. General Advice †¢ Answering questions. The questions are meant to let you show the biology you know. There are no trick questions. When you are writing your answers remember that another person has to be able to read it. o o o o o o o o Do not waste time by writing out the question before you start to answer. Keep your handwriting clear and legible. Keep you answer in the lines on the question paper.If you write in the margin, at the bottom of a page, or on blank pages, part of your answer might be missed. If you have to cross out something, put a line through, but do not scribble all over it. If you have to use a different space to write another answer to one you have crossed out, then put a note to say where it is, e. g. answer on page 5 Written papers are now marked on computer screen so your written paper will be scanned. If you write on the margin the scanner may not be able to copy this. Try to be precise, in other word be accurate in what you say. Read also Lab 2 BiologyUsing biological terms correctly can help. Do not use word like â€Å"it†, â€Å"they†, â€Å"effect†, â€Å"affect† without any more explanation. A sentence like â€Å"It has an effect on the body† or â€Å"They affect the process† does not say anything. – If you use the word â€Å"it† or â€Å"they â€Å"– think WHAT? – If you use the word â€Å"affect† or â€Å"effect† – think HOW? – e. g. State why magnesium ions are important for healthy plant development. [1] – â€Å"it are needed by the plant† is true but too vague. – â€Å"They are needed by the leaves† is still too vague – Ask yourself: What is it or they? What is the â€Å"need†? â€Å"Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll† is a better answer – â€Å"Magnesium is part of a chlorophyll molecule. † Good answer! †¢ Terms. These are the n ames used in biology. These will be used in questions. You will get more marks if you can use them correctly in you examination. Ask your teacher if you are unsure of the different meanings between biological terms. o o Try to use the correct spelling. The person marking your answer will try to recognise what word you mean, but if the spelling is too wrong, then they cannot allow you a mark. Some biological terms have very similar spelling.One example is â€Å"ureter†, urethra† and â€Å"uterus†. If your mis-spelling is â€Å"uretus†, it could be â€Å"ureters† or â€Å"uterus†. Other common examples are ovum, ova, ovary and ovule, testes and testa; sucrose and sucrase. Do not try to mix the spellings of two words when you are not sure which of them is the correct answer, e. g. meitosis, when you are not sure whether the answer is mitosis or meiosis, or urether, when you are not sure if the answer is ureter or urethra. You need to check caref ully that you have used the right word when similar terms are used in the same topic , e. g. urea and urine, ureter and urethra. semen and sperm o o †¢ Writing in you own words. You sometimes have to write two or more sentences to answer a question. o o Use short sentences. If you write long sentences you can get mixed up. It is hard to find correct statements in a muddled answer. You are often asked to write down something you have learned. Make sure you have learnt the meanings of the common terms used in biology, e. g. photosynthesis, osmosis, fermentation. In the revision checklist there is a list of the terms which you should be able to â€Å"define†. You also need be able to write down the meaning of more complicated ideas, e. g. evel of organisation, natural selection, global warming, eutrophication. o What you should look for in a question 1) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The number of marks. In multiple choice questions there is only one mark for a cor rect answer. Other sorts of question show how many marks at the end of each part like this [2]. The number of marks helps you decide how much to write. The number of marks is a guide to how long to spend on each question or parts of a question. If you allow about 1 minute per mark then you should finish in time to check your answers. Do not waste time and write long answer for a question which has [1].You will only get one mark even if the rest of the answer has correct statements. If there are two or more marks do not write the same thing in two different ways, e. g. The leaf is very large. The leaf has a large surface area. The instructions. These are called command words and tell you what to do. If a question says â€Å"Show your working† when you have to do a calculation, then write down the stages of your calculation to show how you got your answer. Even if you get the final answer wrong, you may be given a mark for knowing what to do. If a question asks you to â€Å"Na me† or â€Å"State† two things only the first two will be marked.Use the numbered lines for your answers if they on the question paper. If you write more than two and the first is correct but the second one is wrong, you will only get the mark for the first one. Even if the third answer is correct, it will not be marked. Some questions have two commands in the question, for example â€Å"Predict† AND â€Å"Explain† †¦. † This means you have to say what you think will happen AND then say why you think it will happen. The Revision Checklist has a list of terms used in biology papers to tell you what to do in an answer (section 4. 3 Command words and phrases).General Biology Ii Study Guide (Online Class)Make sure you know what these terms mean. e. g. â€Å"Name the process by which green plants make sugars†, all you need to write for your answer is â€Å"Photosynthesis†. A question which asks you to â€Å"Define photosynthesis† , would expect you to write one sentence such as â€Å"The process by which green plants use light energy to make sugars†. What the question is about. Make sure you know which part of your biology is being tested Read the whole of a question carefully before you begin to answer it. Some of the parts have similar answers so you need to work out the difference between them.If you write exactly the same thing in different parts of the same question, then only one of them might be a correct answer. It helps to highlight the main features of a question. e. g. â€Å"Name the tissue that transports the sugars made by photosynthesis to other parts of the plant†. This tells you that you want a one word answer, about plant transport of sugars. Do not be put off the question is about something you have not studied. There will be enough information in the question for you to work out an answer. 2) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 3) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ à ¢â‚¬ ¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢Look carefully at any diagrams, graphs or tables and make sure you understand what they are about. You may have to use information from them to answer the questions. Answer each question as far as you can. Do not spend a long time staring at a question If you have forgotten something, go on to the next question or part of a question. Come back to the ones you found difficult when you have finished all of the paper. Try not to leave blanks. When you come back to a question you often remember an answer you left out. Do not waste time by writing about things unrelated to the question. Paper 1 Tips †¢ Each question tests just one thing.You have about 1 minute to read and answer each question. o Some questions test what you know and understand. For example â€Å"What part of the eye detects light? † o Some questions test if you can use what you have learned to understand new data. These questions will often have a diagram, graph or table to use. Try to decide what the question is testing as you are reading it. o To answer a question that asks â€Å"What is a characteristic feature of all living things? o You need to know the characteristic features of living things. If you know a quick way of remembering all seven then you can jot it down on the question paper. . g. MRS GREN for Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion and Nutrition, or the first letters of Real Elephants Grow Massive Red Feet Slowly, o To answer a question that has a diagram of the circulatory system and asks â€Å"In which vessel will absorbed alcohol first be found? â€Å". You need to think about what the question is asking you. – Is it about digestion? – Is it about excretion (of alcohol)? – Is it about the circulation? The question is asking about something absorbed from the gut to be transported, so it is about circulation. – Which vessel carries substances absorbed by the gut? Answer â€Å"The Hepatic Portal Vein†. So you have to choose the letter which labels the hepatic portal vein. Do not try to find a pattern in the letter order of correct answers. o The same letter could be the correct for several answers in a row. o Letter A might be the correct answers for more questions than are B, C or D. Or there could be fewer correct answers shown by letter D than any of the others. o Do not let what you have chosen for the previous questions influence what letter you choose. †¢ †¢ Written Paper Tips †¢ You should read all of a question before you begin to answer it.Different questions will ask you to do different tasks to test how well you know and understand biology. o The topic is usually the same for all different parts of the question. Remember that underlining important words will help you to be clear about what you are being asked to do. o Look for clues in the words of the question. If you see â€Å"mammal† you know that the anima ls are warm blooded and have biological systems like ours. o If you are only given a Latin name or a name you do not recognise, e. g. â€Å"dik-dik†, look to see if you are told anything about it. If you are told it is a herbivore, then you know it eats plants.The main sort of tasks you might be asked to do are: †¢ Identify features of cells, tissues organs. For example, â€Å"label on Fig. 5. 1 using labelling lines, a petal, a sepal and a stamen. To answer this question o You have to know the structure of a flower. o You also have to be able to find the structures on a diagram of a flower you may never have studied. o You then have to draw a label line to the structure and write the name next to the labelling line. If you do not draw a label line, or use and arrow, you may not get any marks even if you have found the correct structures.Use information given in the question. For example if a question asks you to â€Å"Use examples from† or â€Å"Use only this i nformation† or â€Å"With reference to Fig. 6. 2† . . . STOP and THINK! Find out what you are expected to use as examples or get information from. You will not get any marks if you use examples from somewhere else. The information can be given to you in different ways: o Diagram like a food web, a set of apparatus or biological structure. o A graph, which could be a line graph, a bar chart or a histogram. Check the headings and units carefully o A table.Check the headings and units carefully o You may have to give examples to show that you understand an idea in Biology. – After a diagram of a food web you might be asked to â€Å"Name an organism from this food web that is a primary consumer, a tertiary consumers and a producer†. – To answer this question you have to know definitions of producers, primary consumers, tertiary consumers. Then you have to show that you understand how these terms apply to the food web shown in the diagram. If you put exa mples from other food webs you have learned, you will not get any marks.After a diagram of leaf structure you may be asked to â€Å"Describe and explain the advantage of the distribution of chloroplasts shown in Fig. 8. 1† – To answer this question you have to observe the diagram and describe which cells have the most chloroplasts. Then you have to work out why this arrangement might help photosynthesis. If you write answer about what chloroplasts do you will not get any marks. Draw or interpret graphs. If you are asked to draw a graph: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Choose a scale which uses most of the grid. Choose a simple scale, e. g. one small square is equal to 1 or 2 or 10 units in the data.Do not give make it hard for by having to multiply each item in the data by 2/3! o Write the name of the axes and their units, e. g. rate of water loss/ g per h , temperature/ o C, time/ s o Plot the points exactly using a sharp pencil. Draw the points lightly so tha t you can rub them out if you need to. Make them more definite when you are sure they are right. o Use a cross (x) or a dot in a circle ( ) for your plot points. o Join the points with a â€Å"line of best fit or a zig -zag line. o Remember that all curves do not have to pass through the point where the two axes meet. Do not extend you graph beyond the plotted points. If you are asked to read figures from a graph: o Make sure you work out the scale. o Make sure you read from the correct axis and put in the units. o If you are asked for a trend or pattern, describe the overall change, e. g. the line increases and then levels. off. Do not describe each point of the graph. Draw or interpret tables If you are asked to draw a table o Use a ruler and a pencil to draw the table. o Write headings for each column or row of the table. 3 o Write in units if they are needed, e. g. volume of water/cm , mass of seed/g. Do not put units in the table spaces where you write numbers. Do calculations . If you are asked to do a calculation: o You may have to find the figures from a table or graph. o Make sure that you show the units in the calculation. o Show you working. o If you use a calculator, round up the figures to the same as in the question – do not copy all the figures after the decimal point, e. g. If the question figures are 5. 6, 4. 6, then your answer should only have one number after the decimal point. Show or complete equations. You do not have to know chemical symbols for equations of the processes in biology.But it will help you to understand them if you do. o If you are asked to give either a word or a symbol equation, do not combine symbols and words in the same answer – If you have to give the word equation for anaerobic respiration by yeast, write: o o Glucose > carbon dioxide +ethanol + energy If you have to give the chemical equation for anaerobic respiration by yeast, write C6H12O6 > 2C2 H5 OH + 2CO2+ energy Do not write something like gluco se > CO2 + ethanol and energy †¢ Make comparisons. If you are asked to compare two things make sure you make it clear which you are talking about. A question may give to table of data and then ask you about it. Make sure you only use information from the table. e. g. in a table of the composition of normal breast milk and colostrum, you can see which milk contains more fat, protein and sugar. Your answers should start with â€Å"colostrum has more †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. than breast milk† or â€Å"breast milk has more †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ than colostrum†. Do not put â€Å"it has more protein. † The person marking cannot guess which you thought had more protein. o The question may ask you to make a comparison about biology you have learned. e. g. the differences between arteries and veins.The clearest way of answering is to make your own table. Make sure the headings are clear. Keep the comparisons of the same feature together. Artery has thick wall thick muscle layer ve in has thin wall very thin muscle A table like the one below will not get any marks as there are no comparisons of the same features. Artery thick wall no valves †¢ veins elastic layer small amount of muscle Extended writing. This means writing several sentences together. e. g. Suggest what happens if excess nitrogen fertiliser is washed into a stream or pond [4] o The mark scheme used for a question like this will have a list of oints that the person marking your answer will use. o There will be more points than there are marks, so you do not need to put them all in your answer. The points for this question could be: – Algae and aquatic plants grow faster using the fertiliser. – Algae cover the water surface. Light cannot pass to aquatic plants lower down. – These plants die. Bacteria of decay feed on the dead plants. – Bacteria increase in numbers. – These bacteria are aerobic. – They use up more oxygen. – There is not enough o xygen for other organisms which live in the water. – These organisms die. The process is called eutrophication. If your answer is something like â€Å"The fertiliser causes low oxygen and it affects animals in the water. † you will not get any marks. The answer is much too vague, in other words it is not precise. I your answer is something like â€Å"The animals do not have enough oxygen for their respiration and they die. † you will get some marks. Paper 2 tips †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Most of the questions are short answers. This means that you writing mainly one word or one sentence answers worth one mark. [1]. Longer answers will need two or three sentences. Check the number of marks.Check the number of command words, do you have to do one or two things. Use the lines given. Do not write too much. Check if you are asked for an actual number of answers. Only give that number. Use the numbered lines and give one answer per number. There will be a few parts of questions that need extended writing. These will have four [4] or [5] marks. The question will often be related to some information you are given. You will need to write four or five sentences in an order that makes sense. You can think of it like â€Å"telling a story†. Remember to refer to any information you are given.Paper 3 tips †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ There is more to read in this paper. Many questions will be one, two or three sentence answers. Check the number of marks. Check the number of command word – do you have to do one or two things Check if you are asked for an actual number of answers. Only give that number. Use the numbered lines and give one answer per number. There are questions that may start in one part of the syllabus and link to another, e. g. the information could be about the animals in a particular habitat and what they eat. The first parts of the question might be about the food chains or food webs whic h include these animals.Another part of the question could be about the structure of one of the animals or about factors in its environment. You are likely to have questions about events and situations that are new to you. Do not be put off. The question will tell you all you need to know. What you need to do, is show that you can connect the biology you have learned with the new facts. e. g. you may not have learned anything about how cats inherit the length of their fur. o The question tells you that the alleles for fur length are co-dominant. o The question tells you the fur length of pure bred parents are long and short. You know that the offspring of cross breeding are heterozygous for fur length. o You know from your genetics lessons that for features controlled by co-dominant alleles, both alleles are expressed in the offspring. o You know enough to work out that the fur length of the offspring will be medium length. You are likely to be asked to interpret unfamiliar data, e. g. result from an experiment you may not have carried out or could not be carried out in a school. Do not be put off. Follow the same rules as before. There will always be enough information in the question for you to answer it. †¢ †¢General Tips for Practical Papers †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Look to see how many marks are given for each question. Divide the time of your examination in proportion to the marks given. Whichever paper you do the same rules for recording observations. Use the same rules as in the tips for written papers for tables, graphs, calculations and comparisons. Recording your observations †¢ You can record as: o statements in writing o as tables o drawings †¢ Neat work helps to keep you calm and feeling in control. †¢ Use all the space available on the paper for your observations. †¢ Do not write an explanation until the question asks for one. †¢ Use a sharp HB or B pencil.It can be rubbed out easily if you need to corre ct a mistake. †¢ Don’t forget headings for the columns and the rows or tables or graph axes. Don't forget the units! †¢ Make drawings as big as the space allows. †¢ Use a ruler for labelling lines. †¢ Label in pencil. Planning investigations Some times you are asked to suggest a way of carrying out an investigation or to improve the method that is in the question paper. †¢ When you read through an investigation try to work out three main things: 1. What is being changed – this is called the independent variable, e. g. light 2. What is being measured – this is called the dependent variable, e. . oxygen given off by plant 3. What is being kept the same – these are called the standard or control variables, e. g. type of plant, number of leaves on the plant, environment of plant ,the apparatus used, time for collecting oxygen. †¢ Some investigation needs to have two parts: o the experimental- which is the apparatus used to measur e the process being studied and contains the living organism being tested. o The control. –which will be exactly the same as the experiment except the living organism will be missing or replaced by something non-living. e. g. there would be no plant in one set of apparatus. The control shows that the results are due to the activity of the living organism and is not due to the apparatus or an environmental factor. Tips for paper 5 In paper 5 you are following instructions, using laboratory equipment, making observations, recording results and drawing conclusions. †¢ Start by reading the entire first question. †¢ Think about the apparatus needed for each step and imagine using it in your mind. †¢ Check the time to be allowed and imagine following the instructions. †¢ Do the same when you are ready to begin the next question. Following the instructions †¢ Follow the instructions for practical methods exactly.If you make a change in the method you can alt er the results. †¢ Do not take short cuts. †¢ Always label test tubes and other containers to help you remember which is which. †¢ If you are told to â€Å"Wash the apparatus thoroughly after each use† make sure you do. If there is anything left in the apparatus the next stage may not work. †¢ If you have to measure a specimen make sure you draw a line on your drawing to show where you made our measurement. †¢ You will get marks for following instructions accurately. Recording your observations †¢ Do not forget that observations can be seen, heard, felt and smelled. †¢ e. g. olour, fizzing, warming, smell of a flower, texture (feel) of a fruit. †¢ You can always something to observe, so make sure you record something for each observation. †¢ Write down exactly what you observe. †¢ e. g. if you add a drop of iodine to a drop of starch solution on a white tile, the colour changes. o You should write â€Å"the colour changed fro m yellow to black. † o If you write â€Å"it turned black† you have not given all the information. o If you add iodine to a drop of water on a white tile. o You should write down ‘the colour stayed yellow. ’ o If you write ‘the colour stayed the same’, or ‘no change’, you have left information out.Conclusions †¢ Use your own results for your conclusions. †¢ Do not write the conclusion you have learned from a class experiment or from theory. E. g. in an investigation you test drops of a mixture of sodium chloride, amylase and starch solution with iodine once a minute for eight minutes. Then you repeat this with a mixture of water, amylase and starch solutions. o The blue/black colour might disappear sooner in one test tube than the other. o Even if you know that sodium chloride usually makes amylase work faster, you must write down the results from YOUR investigation. You must draw conclusions from YOUR results. o If the c olour in both tubes changes at the same time, the conclusion has to be that the sodium chloride made no difference. That is the correct conclusion drawn from your observations. Tips for paper 6 In this paper you are making observations from information given in the paper, recording results and drawing conclusions. Try to imagine doing the practical which has produced the results in the questions. Recording observations †¢ All of your observations are either measurements that you make or diagrams on the paper. †¢ Write down exactly what you see.Making measurements †¢ Make your measurements as accurate as you can. Measure to the nearest unit e. g. mm. Do not try and â€Å"guess† 0. 5mm. †¢ Make sure you put units! †¢ If you have to make calculations use the blank pages within the paper. Do not write in the margin. †¢ Write neatly and show your working. The person marking your paper might be able to give you marks for knowing what to do if you make a mistake or do not finish the calculation. Conclusions †¢ Use your measurements or observations or on the results given in the question for your conclusions. †¢ Do not rely on something you have learned as â€Å"the right answer†. Examiner Tips for Igcse Biology 0610 EXAMINER TIPS for IGCSE Biology 0610 How to use these tips These tips are based on some common mistakes made by students. They are collected under various subheadings to help you when you prepare for your examinations. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Make sure you read all the general tips. These can be important in any of the papers you do. Make sure you know which examination papers you are taking before you look at the tips for the different papers All of you will take paper 1, which is all multiple choice questions. You may be taking paper 2, which is Foundation OR you may be taking paper 3, which is Extended.You may be taking paper 5, which is a practical examination in a laboratory OR you may be taking paper 6 which is a written paper about practical work. General Advice †¢ Answering questions. The questions are meant to let you show the biology you know. There are no trick questions. When you are writing your answers remember that another person has to be able to read it. o o o o o o o o Do not waste time by writing out the question before you start to answer. Keep your handwriting clear and legible. Keep you answer in the lines on the question paper.If you write in the margin, at the bottom of a page, or on blank pages, part of your answer might be missed. If you have to cross out something, put a line through, but do not scribble all over it. If you have to use a different space to write another answer to one you have crossed out, then put a note to say where it is, e. g. answer on page 5 Written papers are now marked on computer screen so your written paper will be scanned. If you write on the margin the scanner may not be able to copy this. Try to be precise, in other word be accurate in what you say. Read also Lab 2 BiologyUsing biological terms correctly can help. Do not use word like â€Å"it†, â€Å"they†, â€Å"effect†, â€Å"affect† without any more explanation. A sentence like â€Å"It has an effect on the body† or â€Å"They affect the process† does not say anything. – If you use the word â€Å"it† or â€Å"they â€Å"– think WHAT? – If you use the word â€Å"affect† or â€Å"effect† – think HOW? – e. g. State why magnesium ions are important for healthy plant development. [1] – â€Å"it are needed by the plant† is true but too vague. – â€Å"They are needed by the leaves† is still too vague – Ask yourself: What is it or they? What is the â€Å"need†? â€Å"Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll† is a better answer – â€Å"Magnesium is part of a chlorophyll molecule. † Good answer! †¢ Terms. These are the n ames used in biology. These will be used in questions. You will get more marks if you can use them correctly in you examination. Ask your teacher if you are unsure of the different meanings between biological terms. o o Try to use the correct spelling. The person marking your answer will try to recognise what word you mean, but if the spelling is too wrong, then they cannot allow you a mark. Some biological terms have very similar spelling.One example is â€Å"ureter†, urethra† and â€Å"uterus†. If your mis-spelling is â€Å"uretus†, it could be â€Å"ureters† or â€Å"uterus†. Other common examples are ovum, ova, ovary and ovule, testes and testa; sucrose and sucrase. Do not try to mix the spellings of two words when you are not sure which of them is the correct answer, e. g. meitosis, when you are not sure whether the answer is mitosis or meiosis, or urether, when you are not sure if the answer is ureter or urethra. You need to check caref ully that you have used the right word when similar terms are used in the same topic , e. g. urea and urine, ureter and urethra. semen and sperm o o †¢ Writing in you own words. You sometimes have to write two or more sentences to answer a question. o o Use short sentences. If you write long sentences you can get mixed up. It is hard to find correct statements in a muddled answer. You are often asked to write down something you have learned. Make sure you have learnt the meanings of the common terms used in biology, e. g. photosynthesis, osmosis, fermentation. In the revision checklist there is a list of the terms which you should be able to â€Å"define†. You also need be able to write down the meaning of more complicated ideas, e. g. evel of organisation, natural selection, global warming, eutrophication. o What you should look for in a question 1) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The number of marks. In multiple choice questions there is only one mark for a cor rect answer. Other sorts of question show how many marks at the end of each part like this [2]. The number of marks helps you decide how much to write. The number of marks is a guide to how long to spend on each question or parts of a question. If you allow about 1 minute per mark then you should finish in time to check your answers. Do not waste time and write long answer for a question which has [1].You will only get one mark even if the rest of the answer has correct statements. If there are two or more marks do not write the same thing in two different ways, e. g. The leaf is very large. The leaf has a large surface area. The instructions. These are called command words and tell you what to do. If a question says â€Å"Show your working† when you have to do a calculation, then write down the stages of your calculation to show how you got your answer. Even if you get the final answer wrong, you may be given a mark for knowing what to do. If a question asks you to â€Å"Na me† or â€Å"State† two things only the first two will be marked.Use the numbered lines for your answers if they on the question paper. If you write more than two and the first is correct but the second one is wrong, you will only get the mark for the first one. Even if the third answer is correct, it will not be marked. Some questions have two commands in the question, for example â€Å"Predict† AND â€Å"Explain† †¦. † This means you have to say what you think will happen AND then say why you think it will happen. The Revision Checklist has a list of terms used in biology papers to tell you what to do in an answer (section 4. 3 Command words and phrases).General Biology Ii Study Guide (Online Class)Make sure you know what these terms mean. e. g. â€Å"Name the process by which green plants make sugars†, all you need to write for your answer is â€Å"Photosynthesis†. A question which asks you to â€Å"Define photosynthesis† , would expect you to write one sentence such as â€Å"The process by which green plants use light energy to make sugars†. What the question is about. Make sure you know which part of your biology is being tested Read the whole of a question carefully before you begin to answer it. Some of the parts have similar answers so you need to work out the difference between them.If you write exactly the same thing in different parts of the same question, then only one of them might be a correct answer. It helps to highlight the main features of a question. e. g. â€Å"Name the tissue that transports the sugars made by photosynthesis to other parts of the plant†. This tells you that you want a one word answer, about plant transport of sugars. Do not be put off the question is about something you have not studied. There will be enough information in the question for you to work out an answer. 2) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 3) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ à ¢â‚¬ ¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢Look carefully at any diagrams, graphs or tables and make sure you understand what they are about. You may have to use information from them to answer the questions. Answer each question as far as you can. Do not spend a long time staring at a question If you have forgotten something, go on to the next question or part of a question. Come back to the ones you found difficult when you have finished all of the paper. Try not to leave blanks. When you come back to a question you often remember an answer you left out. Do not waste time by writing about things unrelated to the question. Paper 1 Tips †¢ Each question tests just one thing.You have about 1 minute to read and answer each question. o Some questions test what you know and understand. For example â€Å"What part of the eye detects light? † o Some questions test if you can use what you have learned to understand new data. These questions will often have a diagram, graph or table to use. Try to decide what the question is testing as you are reading it. o To answer a question that asks â€Å"What is a characteristic feature of all living things? o You need to know the characteristic features of living things. If you know a quick way of remembering all seven then you can jot it down on the question paper. . g. MRS GREN for Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion and Nutrition, or the first letters of Real Elephants Grow Massive Red Feet Slowly, o To answer a question that has a diagram of the circulatory system and asks â€Å"In which vessel will absorbed alcohol first be found? â€Å". You need to think about what the question is asking you. – Is it about digestion? – Is it about excretion (of alcohol)? – Is it about the circulation? The question is asking about something absorbed from the gut to be transported, so it is about circulation. – Which vessel carries substances absorbed by the gut? Answer â€Å"The Hepatic Portal Vein†. So you have to choose the letter which labels the hepatic portal vein. Do not try to find a pattern in the letter order of correct answers. o The same letter could be the correct for several answers in a row. o Letter A might be the correct answers for more questions than are B, C or D. Or there could be fewer correct answers shown by letter D than any of the others. o Do not let what you have chosen for the previous questions influence what letter you choose. †¢ †¢ Written Paper Tips †¢ You should read all of a question before you begin to answer it.Different questions will ask you to do different tasks to test how well you know and understand biology. o The topic is usually the same for all different parts of the question. Remember that underlining important words will help you to be clear about what you are being asked to do. o Look for clues in the words of the question. If you see â€Å"mammal† you know that the anima ls are warm blooded and have biological systems like ours. o If you are only given a Latin name or a name you do not recognise, e. g. â€Å"dik-dik†, look to see if you are told anything about it. If you are told it is a herbivore, then you know it eats plants.The main sort of tasks you might be asked to do are: †¢ Identify features of cells, tissues organs. For example, â€Å"label on Fig. 5. 1 using labelling lines, a petal, a sepal and a stamen. To answer this question o You have to know the structure of a flower. o You also have to be able to find the structures on a diagram of a flower you may never have studied. o You then have to draw a label line to the structure and write the name next to the labelling line. If you do not draw a label line, or use and arrow, you may not get any marks even if you have found the correct structures.Use information given in the question. For example if a question asks you to â€Å"Use examples from† or â€Å"Use only this i nformation† or â€Å"With reference to Fig. 6. 2† . . . STOP and THINK! Find out what you are expected to use as examples or get information from. You will not get any marks if you use examples from somewhere else. The information can be given to you in different ways: o Diagram like a food web, a set of apparatus or biological structure. o A graph, which could be a line graph, a bar chart or a histogram. Check the headings and units carefully o A table.Check the headings and units carefully o You may have to give examples to show that you understand an idea in Biology. – After a diagram of a food web you might be asked to â€Å"Name an organism from this food web that is a primary consumer, a tertiary consumers and a producer†. – To answer this question you have to know definitions of producers, primary consumers, tertiary consumers. Then you have to show that you understand how these terms apply to the food web shown in the diagram. If you put exa mples from other food webs you have learned, you will not get any marks.After a diagram of leaf structure you may be asked to â€Å"Describe and explain the advantage of the distribution of chloroplasts shown in Fig. 8. 1† – To answer this question you have to observe the diagram and describe which cells have the most chloroplasts. Then you have to work out why this arrangement might help photosynthesis. If you write answer about what chloroplasts do you will not get any marks. Draw or interpret graphs. If you are asked to draw a graph: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Choose a scale which uses most of the grid. Choose a simple scale, e. g. one small square is equal to 1 or 2 or 10 units in the data.Do not give make it hard for by having to multiply each item in the data by 2/3! o Write the name of the axes and their units, e. g. rate of water loss/ g per h , temperature/ o C, time/ s o Plot the points exactly using a sharp pencil. Draw the points lightly so tha t you can rub them out if you need to. Make them more definite when you are sure they are right. o Use a cross (x) or a dot in a circle ( ) for your plot points. o Join the points with a â€Å"line of best fit or a zig -zag line. o Remember that all curves do not have to pass through the point where the two axes meet. Do not extend you graph beyond the plotted points. If you are asked to read figures from a graph: o Make sure you work out the scale. o Make sure you read from the correct axis and put in the units. o If you are asked for a trend or pattern, describe the overall change, e. g. the line increases and then levels. off. Do not describe each point of the graph. Draw or interpret tables If you are asked to draw a table o Use a ruler and a pencil to draw the table. o Write headings for each column or row of the table. 3 o Write in units if they are needed, e. g. volume of water/cm , mass of seed/g. Do not put units in the table spaces where you write numbers. Do calculations . If you are asked to do a calculation: o You may have to find the figures from a table or graph. o Make sure that you show the units in the calculation. o Show you working. o If you use a calculator, round up the figures to the same as in the question – do not copy all the figures after the decimal point, e. g. If the question figures are 5. 6, 4. 6, then your answer should only have one number after the decimal point. Show or complete equations. You do not have to know chemical symbols for equations of the processes in biology.But it will help you to understand them if you do. o If you are asked to give either a word or a symbol equation, do not combine symbols and words in the same answer – If you have to give the word equation for anaerobic respiration by yeast, write: o o Glucose > carbon dioxide +ethanol + energy If you have to give the chemical equation for anaerobic respiration by yeast, write C6H12O6 > 2C2 H5 OH + 2CO2+ energy Do not write something like gluco se > CO2 + ethanol and energy †¢ Make comparisons. If you are asked to compare two things make sure you make it clear which you are talking about. A question may give to table of data and then ask you about it. Make sure you only use information from the table. e. g. in a table of the composition of normal breast milk and colostrum, you can see which milk contains more fat, protein and sugar. Your answers should start with â€Å"colostrum has more †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. than breast milk† or â€Å"breast milk has more †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ than colostrum†. Do not put â€Å"it has more protein. † The person marking cannot guess which you thought had more protein. o The question may ask you to make a comparison about biology you have learned. e. g. the differences between arteries and veins.The clearest way of answering is to make your own table. Make sure the headings are clear. Keep the comparisons of the same feature together. Artery has thick wall thick muscle layer ve in has thin wall very thin muscle A table like the one below will not get any marks as there are no comparisons of the same features. Artery thick wall no valves †¢ veins elastic layer small amount of muscle Extended writing. This means writing several sentences together. e. g. Suggest what happens if excess nitrogen fertiliser is washed into a stream or pond [4] o The mark scheme used for a question like this will have a list of oints that the person marking your answer will use. o There will be more points than there are marks, so you do not need to put them all in your answer. The points for this question could be: – Algae and aquatic plants grow faster using the fertiliser. – Algae cover the water surface. Light cannot pass to aquatic plants lower down. – These plants die. Bacteria of decay feed on the dead plants. – Bacteria increase in numbers. – These bacteria are aerobic. – They use up more oxygen. – There is not enough o xygen for other organisms which live in the water. – These organisms die. The process is called eutrophication. If your answer is something like â€Å"The fertiliser causes low oxygen and it affects animals in the water. † you will not get any marks. The answer is much too vague, in other words it is not precise. I your answer is something like â€Å"The animals do not have enough oxygen for their respiration and they die. † you will get some marks. Paper 2 tips †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Most of the questions are short answers. This means that you writing mainly one word or one sentence answers worth one mark. [1]. Longer answers will need two or three sentences. Check the number of marks.Check the number of command words, do you have to do one or two things. Use the lines given. Do not write too much. Check if you are asked for an actual number of answers. Only give that number. Use the numbered lines and give one answer per number. There will be a few parts of questions that need extended writing. These will have four [4] or [5] marks. The question will often be related to some information you are given. You will need to write four or five sentences in an order that makes sense. You can think of it like â€Å"telling a story†. Remember to refer to any information you are given.Paper 3 tips †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ There is more to read in this paper. Many questions will be one, two or three sentence answers. Check the number of marks. Check the number of command word – do you have to do one or two things Check if you are asked for an actual number of answers. Only give that number. Use the numbered lines and give one answer per number. There are questions that may start in one part of the syllabus and link to another, e. g. the information could be about the animals in a particular habitat and what they eat. The first parts of the question might be about the food chains or food webs whic h include these animals.Another part of the question could be about the structure of one of the animals or about factors in its environment. You are likely to have questions about events and situations that are new to you. Do not be put off. The question will tell you all you need to know. What you need to do, is show that you can connect the biology you have learned with the new facts. e. g. you may not have learned anything about how cats inherit the length of their fur. o The question tells you that the alleles for fur length are co-dominant. o The question tells you the fur length of pure bred parents are long and short. You know that the offspring of cross breeding are heterozygous for fur length. o You know from your genetics lessons that for features controlled by co-dominant alleles, both alleles are expressed in the offspring. o You know enough to work out that the fur length of the offspring will be medium length. You are likely to be asked to interpret unfamiliar data, e. g. result from an experiment you may not have carried out or could not be carried out in a school. Do not be put off. Follow the same rules as before. There will always be enough information in the question for you to answer it. †¢ †¢General Tips for Practical Papers †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Look to see how many marks are given for each question. Divide the time of your examination in proportion to the marks given. Whichever paper you do the same rules for recording observations. Use the same rules as in the tips for written papers for tables, graphs, calculations and comparisons. Recording your observations †¢ You can record as: o statements in writing o as tables o drawings †¢ Neat work helps to keep you calm and feeling in control. †¢ Use all the space available on the paper for your observations. †¢ Do not write an explanation until the question asks for one. †¢ Use a sharp HB or B pencil.It can be rubbed out easily if you need to corre ct a mistake. †¢ Don’t forget headings for the columns and the rows or tables or graph axes. Don't forget the units! †¢ Make drawings as big as the space allows. †¢ Use a ruler for labelling lines. †¢ Label in pencil. Planning investigations Some times you are asked to suggest a way of carrying out an investigation or to improve the method that is in the question paper. †¢ When you read through an investigation try to work out three main things: 1. What is being changed – this is called the independent variable, e. g. light 2. What is being measured – this is called the dependent variable, e. . oxygen given off by plant 3. What is being kept the same – these are called the standard or control variables, e. g. type of plant, number of leaves on the plant, environment of plant ,the apparatus used, time for collecting oxygen. †¢ Some investigation needs to have two parts: o the experimental- which is the apparatus used to measur e the process being studied and contains the living organism being tested. o The control. –which will be exactly the same as the experiment except the living organism will be missing or replaced by something non-living. e. g. there would be no plant in one set of apparatus. The control shows that the results are due to the activity of the living organism and is not due to the apparatus or an environmental factor. Tips for paper 5 In paper 5 you are following instructions, using laboratory equipment, making observations, recording results and drawing conclusions. †¢ Start by reading the entire first question. †¢ Think about the apparatus needed for each step and imagine using it in your mind. †¢ Check the time to be allowed and imagine following the instructions. †¢ Do the same when you are ready to begin the next question. Following the instructions †¢ Follow the instructions for practical methods exactly.If you make a change in the method you can alt er the results. †¢ Do not take short cuts. †¢ Always label test tubes and other containers to help you remember which is which. †¢ If you are told to â€Å"Wash the apparatus thoroughly after each use† make sure you do. If there is anything left in the apparatus the next stage may not work. †¢ If you have to measure a specimen make sure you draw a line on your drawing to show where you made our measurement. †¢ You will get marks for following instructions accurately. Recording your observations †¢ Do not forget that observations can be seen, heard, felt and smelled. †¢ e. g. olour, fizzing, warming, smell of a flower, texture (feel) of a fruit. †¢ You can always something to observe, so make sure you record something for each observation. †¢ Write down exactly what you observe. †¢ e. g. if you add a drop of iodine to a drop of starch solution on a white tile, the colour changes. o You should write â€Å"the colour changed fro m yellow to black. † o If you write â€Å"it turned black† you have not given all the information. o If you add iodine to a drop of water on a white tile. o You should write down ‘the colour stayed yellow. ’ o If you write ‘the colour stayed the same’, or ‘no change’, you have left information out.Conclusions †¢ Use your own results for your conclusions. †¢ Do not write the conclusion you have learned from a class experiment or from theory. E. g. in an investigation you test drops of a mixture of sodium chloride, amylase and starch solution with iodine once a minute for eight minutes. Then you repeat this with a mixture of water, amylase and starch solutions. o The blue/black colour might disappear sooner in one test tube than the other. o Even if you know that sodium chloride usually makes amylase work faster, you must write down the results from YOUR investigation. You must draw conclusions from YOUR results. o If the c olour in both tubes changes at the same time, the conclusion has to be that the sodium chloride made no difference. That is the correct conclusion drawn from your observations. Tips for paper 6 In this paper you are making observations from information given in the paper, recording results and drawing conclusions. Try to imagine doing the practical which has produced the results in the questions. Recording observations †¢ All of your observations are either measurements that you make or diagrams on the paper. †¢ Write down exactly what you see.Making measurements †¢ Make your measurements as accurate as you can. Measure to the nearest unit e. g. mm. Do not try and â€Å"guess† 0. 5mm. †¢ Make sure you put units! †¢ If you have to make calculations use the blank pages within the paper. Do not write in the margin. †¢ Write neatly and show your working. The person marking your paper might be able to give you marks for knowing what to do if you make a mistake or do not finish the calculation. Conclusions †¢ Use your measurements or observations or on the results given in the question for your conclusions. †¢ Do not rely on something you have learned as â€Å"the right answer†.